ARCHITECTURE POLITICS: POLITICS ARCHITECTURE Politics as the underlying force of Muzharul Islam\u2019s Architecture of a Bengali Modernity

Architect Muzharul Islam is considered the pioneer of modern architecture of Bangladesh. When he started his career it was at the time when modern architecture was just taking off in the subcontinent. He laid down the foundation of Bengali modernism and modern architecture, which spearheaded the architectural development of the country. Muzharul Islam\u2019s work was unique because it was without any post-colonial hangover, and neither was it a simple follow through of the international style. His work was so powerful that even today they stand as landmarks and as inspirational points for Bengali architects. However it will be a incomplete understanding of his works if they only seen as works of Modern Architecture. It would be important to understand what lead on to develop his work in the particular manner that he did, and not only that, it is also important to understand the value systems and ethics involved in developing what he called his own Bengali modernity. Islam was a socialist, an activist and a nationalist, he was involved in left wing politics and also very active in a cultural revolution for Bangladesh. Bangladesh at that time was East Pakistan, Pakistan a country torn into two, west and east, with huge cultural differences. Islam and his colleagues at that time understood that it was important for us to retain our own cultural identity and our identity was greatly different from that of West Pakistanis. It is from this understanding of our own cultural identity that Muzharul Islam formed his own political standpoint about a culturally different country. At that time all the intellectuals of the country were predominantly leftwing and they were also very much connected to this cultural revolution of East Pakistan. Muzharul Islam\u2019s role in the cultural identity building of our county is unique, he did not only collaborate with artists, thinkers, literates and politicians, and he himself was able to give guidance and inspiration to different fields. The purpose of this thesis is not only to analyze some of Muzharul Islam\u2019s works, but at the same time it will actually bring out that his works were not only that of an architect trying to set up the idea of Bengali modernity, but also trying to set up a national identity. This nation building politics was a unique character of Muzharul Islam and has strong connections to his work. Muzharul Islam\u2019s political standpoint he was able to bring to his work a different layer and an insight, where the work itself became a way of politics. His idea of nation building was also shared by his contemporary artists, literates and even politicians. His association with those people will show that how this group of people, who were all connected, went on to be masters in their own fields; and the uniqueness of their works were based around their political viewpoints. This political point of view of nation building that brought force to their works and still sets their works apart from the works that is being done today. The thesis will analyze selected works, show his role of association with other thinkers of his time, and show his political consciousness. The thesis will evolve around the idea of how an architect\u2019s personal politics becomes his way of architecture and how his way of architecture stands today as a symbol of politics of an architect

Measuring Shapes of Galaxy Images I: Ellipticity and Orientation

We suggest a set of morphological measures that we believe can help in quantifying the shapes of two-dimensional cosmological images such as galaxies, clusters, and superclusters of galaxies. The method employs non-parametric morphological descriptors known as the Minkowski functionals in combination with geometric moments widely used in the image analysis. For the purpose of visualization of the morphological properties of image contour lines we introduce three auxiliary ellipses representing the vector and tensor Minkowski functionals. We study the discreteness, seeing, and noise effects on elliptic contours as well as their morphological characteristics such as the ellipticity and orientation. In order to reduce the effect of noise we employ a technique of contour smoothing. We test the method by studying simulated elliptic profiles of toy spheroidal galaxies ranging in ellipticity from E0 to E7. We then apply the method to real galaxies, including eight spheroidals, three disk spirals and one peculiar galaxy, as imaged in the near-infrared $K_s$-band (2.2 microns) with the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The method is numerically very efficient and can be used in the study of hundreds of thousands images obtained in modern surveys.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Revised version contains 20 pages, 17 PostScript figures. Results unchanged; high-resolution figures # 1,6,7,11,13,16 can be obtained from author

Perlindungan hukum yayasan karya cipta indonesia atas pelanggaran hak cipta oleh pengguna tinjauan undang-undang nomor 28 tahun 2014 tentang hak cipta dan Maqashid Syariah: Analisa putusan Mahkamah Agung no.122 pk/pdt.sus-hki/2015

ABSTRAK Menurut Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta, Hak Cipta adalah hak eksklusif pencipta yang timbul secara otomatis berdasarkan prinsip deklaratif setelah suatu ciptaan diwujudkan dalam bentuk nyata tanpa mengurangi pembatasan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Tujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dan Maqashid Syariah serta sejauh mana undang-undang tersebut memberi perlindungan hukum terhadap Hak Cipta Lagu pada YKCI (Yayasan Karya Cipta Indonesia) selaku pemegang hak cipta Mahkamah Agung No.122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan perbandingan dan pendekatan konseptual. Informasi didapatkan dari bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Bahan hukum tersebut kemudian diolah dan dianalisis dengan melakukan perbandingan antara Undang-undang Hak Cipta dan Maqashid Syariah dengan putusan Mahkamah Agung No.122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan yang berlaku maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Putusan Mahkamah Agung No.122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 dalam sengketa hak cipta lagu pada penggunaannya di bidang hiburan, tidak sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan dan prinsip ekonomi yang menjadi dasar dalam sistem hak kekayaan intelektual. Ditambah lagi kasus dalam putusan No. 122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 tersebut telah melanggar beberapa pasal yang ada dalam Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, terutama pasal 80 ayat (2), (3), dan (4) serta pasal 87 ayat (2), (3), dan (4). Kasus dalam putusan MA No.122 Pk/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2015 juga melanggar suatu dasar/ dalil yang menjadi poin untuk dilindungi/ dipelihara dalam Maqashid Syari’ah yaitu dalam memelihara harta. Hal tersebut dikarenakan wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh pengguna terhadap pemegang hak cipta merupakan cara jual beli dengan jalan yang batil. ABSTRACT According to the law No. 28 of 2014 on copyright, copyright is the exclusive right of the creators arising automatically based on declarative principles after a creation is realized in real form without prejudice to restrictions in accordance with the provisions of legislation. The purpose of understanding the implementation of law No. 28 of 2014 on copyright and Maqashid Sharia as well as to the extent that the law gives legal protection to the copyright of songs at YKCI (Intellectual Copyright Indonesia Foundation) as the copyright holder of Supreme Court No. 122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015. This research uses normative legal research methods with legislation approaches, comparative approaches and conceptual approaches. Information is obtained from primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The legal material was then processed and analyzed by comparing the copyright law and Maqashid Sharia with Supreme Court ruling No. 122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015. Based on the results of the study and the prevailing discussion then it can be concluded that the Supreme Court award No. 122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 in the copyright disputes the song on its use in entertainment, not in accordance with the principles of justice and economic principles that are the basis of the system of intellectual property rights. In addition, the case in the verdict No. 122 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 has violated some of the chapters contained in the law No. 28 of 2014 on copyright, especially article 80 paragraph (2), (3), and (4) and article 87 paragraph (2), (3), and (4). The case in the decree of MA No. 122 Pk/PDT. Sus-Hki/2015 also violates a basis/evidence to be a point to be protected/maintained in Maqashid Sharia namely in maintaining the property. This is because the default by the user to the copyright holder is a way to buy and sell with a Batil road. مستخلص البحث حسب القانون رقم 28 الصادر في 2014 بشان حقوق التاليف والنشر ، فان حقوق التاليف والنشر هي الحق الحصري للمبدعين الناشئين تلقائيا استنادا إلى المبادئ التعريفية بعد ان يتحقق الإبداع بشكل حقيقي دون المساس بالقيود وفقا لاحكام التشريع. الغرض من فهم تنفيذ القانون رقم 28 المؤرخ 2014 بشان حقوق التاليف والنشر والشريعة وكذلك بقدر ما يمنح القانون الحماية القانونية لحق المؤلف من الأغاني في YKCI (اعمال مؤسسه اندونيسيا) كصاحب حق المؤلف للمحكمة العليا رقم 122 .2015\Pdt.Sus- HKI\PK ويستخدم هذا البحث أساليب البحث القانوني المعيارية مع نهج التشريعات والنهج المقارنة والنهج المفاهيمية. ويتم الحصول علي معلومات من المواد القانونية الاوليه والمواد القانونية الثانوية. ثم تمت معالجه المواد القانونية وتحليلها بمقارنه قانون حقوق التاليف والنشر والشريعة مع حكم المحكمة العليا رقم 1222015\Pdt.Sus- HKI\PK . واستنادا إلى نتائج الدراسة والمناقشة السائدة ، يمكن الخلوص إلى ان قرار المحكمة العليا رقم 122 2015\Pdt.Sus-HKI\PK في حقوق التاليف والنشر المنازعات علي استخدامها في وسائل الترفيه ، وليس وفقا لمبادئ العدالة والمبادئ الاقتصادية التي هي أساس نظام حقوق الملكية الفكرية. بالإضافة إلى القضية في الحكم رقم 122 2015\Pdt.Sus-HKI\PK انتهكت عدة مواد في القانون رقم 28 من 2014 بشأن حقوق التأليف والنشر ، وخاصة المادة 80 الفقرة (2) ، (3) ، (4) ، المادة 87 الفقرة (2) ، (3) ، (4). كما أن القضية الواردة في المرسوم رقم MA رقم 1222015\Pdt.Sus- HKI\PK تنتهك أساسًا/ دليلًا على أنه نقطة يجب حمايتها / صيانتها في مقامية وهي الحفاظ على الممتلكات. وذلك لأن الافتراضي من قبل المستخدم لصاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر هو وسيلة للشراء والبيع مع طريق باتيل

Morphology and Evolution of Simulated and Optical Clusters: A Comparative Analysis

We have made a comparative study of morphological evolution in simulated DM halos and X-ray brightness distribution, and in optical clusters. Samples of simulated clusters include star formation with supernovae feedback, radiative cooling, and simulation in the adiabatic limit at three different redshifts, z = 0.0, 0.10, and 0.25. The optical sample contains 208 ACO clusters within redshift, $z \leq 0.25$. Cluster morphology, within 0.5 and 1.0 h$^{-1}$ Mpc from cluster center, is quantified by multiplicity and ellipticity. We find that the distribution of the dark matter halos in the adiabatic simulation appear to be more elongated than the galaxy clusters. Radiative cooling brings halo shapes in excellent agreement with observed clusters, however, cooling along with feedback mechanism make the halos more flattened. Our results indicate relatively stronger structural evolution and more clumpy distributions in observed clusters than in the structure of simulated clusters, and slower increase in simulated cluster shapes compared to those in the observed one. Within $z \leq 0.1$, we notice an interesting agreement in the shapes of clusters obtained from the cooling simulations and observation. We also notice that the different samples of observed clusters differ significantly in morphological evolution with redshift. We highlight a few possibilities responsible for the discrepancy in morphological evolution of simulated and observed clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 2006; 15 pages, 13 postscript figure

Exploring Infrared Properties of Giant Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

Abridged: We present analysis of Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the three low surface brightness (LSB) optical giant galaxies Malin 1, UGC 6614 and UGC 9024. Mid- and far-infrared morphology, spectral energy distributions, and integrated colors are used to derive the dust mass, dust-to-gas mass ratio, total infrared luminosity, and star formation rate (SFR). The 8 micron images indicate that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules are present in the central regions of all three metal-poor LSB galaxies. The diffuse optical disks of Malin 1 and UGC 9024 remain undetected at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths. The dustiest of the three LSB galaxies, UGC 6614, has infrared morphology that varies significantly with wavelength. The 8 and 24 micron emission is co-spatial with H\alpha emission previously observed in the outer ring of UGC 6614. The estimated dust-to-gas ratios, from less than 10^{-3} to 10^{-2}, support previous indications that the LSB galaxies are relatively dust poor compared to the HSB galaxies. The total infrared luminosities are approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the blue band luminosities, suggesting that old stellar populations are the primary source of dust heating in these LSB objects. The SFR estimated from the infrared data ranges ~0.01-0.88 M_sun yr^{-1}, consistent with results from optical studies.Comment: Accepted in ApJ (2007, July 20 issue), 34 pages, 10 postscript figures, 2 table

Mythology Q.S. Shad Ayat 41 atas Fenomena Covid-19 pada Akun Instagram @quranreview: Analisis Semiology Roland Barthes

ABSTRACT This research tries to explore how the construct of QS. Shad verse 41 for the Covid-19 phenomenon carried out by the @quranreview account. Thus, a relationship was found between the two. The @quranreview account attempts to present each of its content, especially on the Covid-19 phenomenon which is the subject of discussion in this research, by using a language approach. Then the approach as taken by the account in linking QS. Shad verse 41 with the Covid-19 phenomenon? To answer the problems above, the researchers used a qualitative approach with the type of literature research. In collecting data, using observational studies and documentation studies. Then analyzed using semiological theory from Roland Barthes. The analysis used is to find out the meaning of myth or connotation at the second level. The focus of this research is to know the meaning of al-massu which is a constituent of QS. Shad verse 41 is linguistically or denotatively at the first level and mythological or connotative at the second level of Roland Barthes' semiological scheme. So, from this scheme a meaning is formed in QS. Shad verse 41, with the first level found that Signifier 1: al-massu, Signified 1: soft and light touch, and Sign 1 (linguistic or denotative): Awareness that comes from the devil who has taken away wealth, family, and blows the wind of disease to Prophet Ayub was part of a small trial. Meanwhile, at the second level, it was found that Signifier 2: The insight that came from the devil who had taken away property, family, and blew the wind of disease on Prophet Ayyub was part of a small trial (which was formed from Sign 1), Signified 2: The Covid-19 virus outbreak that hit all mankind, and Sign 2 (myth or connotation): The Covid-19 virus brought by the devil, is a ordeal for those who believe in taking ibrah (lessons) or are they neglecting it even more and distance themselves from Allah SWT. ABSTRAK Penilitian ini berusaha untuk mengupas bagaimana konstruk QS. Shad ayat 41 atas fenomena Covid-19 yang dilakukan oleh akun @quranreview. Sehingga ditemukan keterkaitan di antara keduanya. Akun @quranreview berupaya untuk menyajikan di setiap kontennya terlebih pada fenomena Covid-19 yang menjadi pokok pembahasan pada panilitian ini, dengan melalui pendekatan bahasa. Lalu pendekatan seperti yang dilakukan oleh akun tersebut dalam mengkaitkan QS. Shad ayat 41 dengan fenomena Covid-19? Untuk menjawab permasalahan di atas, maka peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis peneltian pustaka. Dalam pengumpulan data, menggunakan studi observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori semiologi dari Roland Barthes. Analisis yang digunakan adalah untuk mengetahui makna mitos atau konotatif pada tataran kedua. Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui makna al-massu yang menjadi konstituen dari QS. Shad ayat 41 secara linguistik atau denotatif pada tataran pertama dan secara mitos atau konotatif pada tataran kedua dari skema semiologi Roland Barthes. Maka, dari skema tersebut terbentuklah sebuah makna yang ada di QS. Shad ayat 41, dengan tataran pertama ditemukan bahwa Penanda 1: al-massu, Petanda 1: sentuhan halus dan ringan, dan Tanda 1 (linguistik atau denotatif): Kewaswasan yang datang dari setan yang telah menghilangkan harta, keluarga, dan meniupkan angin penyakit kepada Nabi Ayyub adalah bagian dari cobaan kecil. Sedangkan tataran kedua ditemukan bahwa Penanda 2: Kewaswasan yang datang dari setan yang telah menghilangkan harta, keluarga, dan meniupkan angin penyakit kepada Nabi Ayyub adalah bagian dari cobaan kecil (yang terbentuk dari Tanda 1), Petanda 2: Wabah virus Covid-19 yang melanda seluruh umat manusia, dan Tanda 2 (mitos atau konotatif): Virus Covid-19 yang dibawa oleh setan, merupakan ujian bagi orang-orang yang beriman dalam mengambil ibrah (pelajaran) ataukah justru semakin melalaikannya dan menjauhkan dirinya dari Allah SWT. مستخلص البحث يسعى هذا البحث إلى استكشاف كيفية عن بناء سورة ص الآية ٤١ لظاهرة كوفيد-١٩ التي نفذها حساب "قران ريفيو" وهكذا ، تم العثور على علاقة بينهما. يحاول حساب "قران ريفيو" عرض كل محتوى خاص به ، وخاصة ما يتعلق بظاهرة كوفيد-١٩ التي هي موضوع المناقشة في هذا البحث ، باستخدام منهج لغوي. ثم أي نهج الذي اتبعه الحساب في تعليق سورة ص الآية ٤١ بظاهرة كوفيد-١٩؟ لإجابة على المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه ، استخدم الباحث نهجًا نوعيًا مع نوع البحث الأدبي. في جمع البيانات ، باستخدام الدراسات القائمة على الملاحظة ودراسات التوثيق. ثم تم تحليلها باستخدام النظرية السيميائية من "رولند برتيس". التحليل المستخدم هو معرفة معنى الخرافة أو الدلالة في المستوى الثاني. يركز هذا البحث على معرفة معنى "المس" أحد مكونات فى سورة ص الآية ٤١ هي لغويًا أو دلاليًا في المستوى الأول وخرافة أو ضمنية في المستوى الثاني من مخطط رولند برتيس السيميولوجي. لذلك ، من هذا المخطط يتكون المعنى في سورة ص الآية ٤١ ، مع المستوى الأول وجد أن الموقع ١: المس ، الموقع ١: لمسة ناعمة وخفيفة ، والتوقيع ١ (لغوي أو دلالي): الوعي الذي يأتي من الشيطان الذي سلب الثروة والأسرة والضربات. كانت رياح المرض على النبي أيوب جزءًا من بلاء صغير. وفي المستوى الثانى ، تبين أن الموقع ٢: البصيرة التي أتت من الشيطان الذي أخذ الممتلكات والعائلة ونفخ رياح المرض على النبي أيوب كانت جزءًا من محاكمة صغيرة (والتي تشكلت من التوقيع ١) ، الموقع ٢: تفشي فيروس كوفيد-١٩ الذي أصاب الناس كلهم ، والتوقيع ٢(خرافة أو دلالة): إن فيروس كوفيد-١٩ الذي جلبه الشيطان ، هو اختبار لأولئك الذين يؤمنون بأخذ العبرة أو هل يتجاهلونه أكثر ويبتعدون عن الله سبحانه وتعالى

Indications of a sub-linear and non-universal Kennicutt-Schmidt relationship

We estimate the parameters of the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relationship, linking the star formation rate (Sigma_SFR) to the molecular gas surface density (Sigma_mol), in the STING sample of nearby disk galaxies using a hierarchical Bayesian method. This method rigorously treats measurement uncertainties, and provides accurate parameter estimates for both individual galaxies and the entire population. Assuming standard conversion factors to estimate Sigma_SFR and Sigma_mol from the observations, we find that the KS parameters vary between galaxies, indicating that no universal relationship holds for all galaxies. The KS slope of the whole population is 0.76, with the 2sigma range extending from 0.58 to 0.94. These results imply that the molecular gas depletion time is not constant, but varies from galaxy to galaxy, and increases with the molecular gas surface density. Therefore, other galactic properties besides just Sigma_mol affect Sigma_SFR, such as the gas fraction or stellar mass. The non-universality of the KS relationship indicates that a comprehensive theory of star formation must take into account additional physical processes that may vary from galaxy to galaxy.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. Updated to match MNRAS accepted versio

Pengaruh Pemakaian Bahan Tambah Limbah Plastik Kemasan Air Mineral Terhadap Kuat Tekan Dan Kuat Tarik Belah Beton

This article present result of research of usage plastic waste tidiness of mineral water (liquefied polypropylene) upon which add with variation of plastic waste equal t o 5%; 10% and 15%, examination conducted at 7, 14, 28 and 56 day for the compression strength test and age 28 day for concrete split strain strength test. Test object made in the form of cylinder of the size diameter 15 cm and high 30 cm. This research is conducted at Concrete Technological Laboratory of C i vil Engineering Jenderal Soedirman University. Research result expected can give information concerning benefit of plastic waste, knowing how big influence of addition of plastic waste to compression strength and concrete split strain strength and data source to all researchers to use this waste